點腐蝕
2016-05-30 16:30:28
點蝕又稱小孔腐蝕,是一種腐蝕集中在金屬表面很小范圍內并深入到金屬內部甚至穿孔的孔蝕形態。具有自鈍化特性的金屬,如不銹鋼、鋁和鋁合金等在含氯離子的介質中,經常發生點蝕。在許多含氯離子的介質中碳鋼亦會出現點蝕現象。小孔腐蝕的蝕孔直徑一般只有數十微米,但深度等于或遠大于孔徑。孔口多數有腐蝕產物覆蓋,少數呈開放式(無腐蝕產物覆蓋)。蝕孔通常沿著重力方向發展,一塊平放在介質中的金屬,蝕孔多在朝上的表面出現,很少在朝下的表面出現。
總體概況
點蝕是一種典型的局部腐蝕形態,具有較大的隱蔽性和破壞性。點蝕的發生和分布具有隨機性,給評定點蝕敏感性的試驗帶來很大困難。點蝕研究具有重大的理論和應用價值。從應用角度出發,點蝕研究的目的有:評定材料發生點蝕的傾向;判斷已發生點蝕的設備的剩余使用壽命;了解各種因素對發生點蝕的影響;發展新的耐點蝕材料;尋求防止點蝕的途經。從理論角度講,點蝕研究的目的在于搞清點蝕發生和發展的機制。點蝕敏感性的試驗評定方法可分為化學浸泡、電化學測試和現場試驗三類。
點蝕相關技術標準
標準名稱:Standard Guide for Examination and Evaluation of Pitting Corrosion
標準編號:ASTM G46–94
實施日期: 2005-05-01
標準概述:This guide covers the selection of procedures that can be used in the identi?cation and examination of pits and in the evaluation of pitting corrosion to determine the extent of its effect.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
標準名稱:Standard Test Method for Electrochemical Critical Pitting Temperature Testing of Stainless Steels
標準編號:ASTM G150–99
實施日期: 1999-01-10
標準概述:This test method covers a procedure for the evaluation of the resistance of stainless steel and related alloys to pitting corrosion based on the concept of the determination of a potential independent critical pitting temperature (CPT)。This test methods applies to wrought and cast products including but not restricted to plate, sheet, tubing, bar, forgings, and welds.The standard parameters recommended in this test method are suitable for characterizing the CPT of austenitic stainless steels and other related alloys with a corrosion resistance ranging from that corresponding to solution annealed UNS S31600 (Type 316 stainless steel) to solution annealed UNS S31254 (6 % Mo stainless steel)。
標準名稱:不銹鋼三氯化鐵點腐蝕試驗方法
標準編號:GB/T 17897-1999
發布日期:1999-01-01
實施日期: 2000-08-01
標準概述:本標準規定了不銹鋼三氯化鐵點腐蝕試驗方法的試樣的制備、試驗溶液、試驗儀器和設備、試驗條件和步驟、試驗結果和試驗報告。本標準適用于評價不銹鋼在6%三氯化鐵溶液中的耐點蝕性能。注:本試驗方法所用的試驗溶液,氧化性強,酸性強,氯離子含量較高,因此腐蝕性強。當材料在試驗溶液中發生金屬間化合物的溶解或有析出物時,往往會加速腐蝕。特別是合金素鈦往往會加劇腐蝕。因此,用本試驗方法來比較不同材料的耐點蝕性能,或者把實驗數據與實際環境進行比較時,要注意本試驗溶液的特性。
標準名稱:Standard Test Methods for Pitting and Crevice Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steels and Related Alloys by Use of Ferric Chloride Solution
標準編號:ASTM G48–03
實施日期: 2009-03-01
標準概述:These test methods cover procedures for the determination of the resistance of stainless steels and related alloys to pitting and crevice corrosion whenexposed to oxidizing chloride environments. Six procedures are described and identi?ed as Methods A,B,C,D,E,and F.
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