時(shí)隔多年，《Science》再次發(fā)布“125個(gè)全世界最受關(guān)注的科學(xué)問題”
2023-01-06 11:10:17
作者：材料基 來源：材料基
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“我們可以生活在一個(gè)去化石燃料的世界中嗎？”“意識(shí)存在于何處？”“為什么時(shí)間似乎只朝一個(gè)方向流動(dòng)？”……上海交通大學(xué)攜手《科學(xué)》雜志共同發(fā)布了125個(gè)全世界最受關(guān)注的科學(xué)問題。新版125個(gè)科學(xué)問題中，個(gè)別問題是持續(xù)關(guān)注上版問題中至今尚未解決的重大科學(xué)難題，如“宇宙是由什么構(gòu)成的”“我們可以阻止自己衰老嗎”。也有具有挑戰(zhàn)性的全球共性問題，如“我們可以阻止全球氣候變化嗎”“能量存儲(chǔ)的未來是怎樣的”“我們有可能在另一個(gè)星球上長期居住嗎”；還有具有較強(qiáng)時(shí)代特征的前沿科技問題，如“為什么生命需要手性”“量子人工智能可以模仿人腦嗎”“DNA可以廣泛用作信息存儲(chǔ)介質(zhì)嗎”“我們?nèi)绾卧诨鹦巧祥_發(fā)制造系統(tǒng)”……SJTU & Science 125個(gè)科學(xué)問題1. What makes prime numbers so special?2. Will the Navier–Stokes problem ever be solved?3. Is the Riemann hypothesis true?1. Are there more color pigments to discover?1.還有更多色彩元素可發(fā)現(xiàn)嗎？2. Will the periodic table ever be complete?3. How can we measure interface phenomena on the microscopic level?4. What is the future for energy storage？5. Why does life require chirality?6. How can we better manage the world's plastic waste?6.我們?nèi)绾胃玫毓芾硎澜缟系乃芰蠌U物？7. Will AI redefine the future of chemistry?7.AI會(huì)重新定義化學(xué)的未來嗎？8. How can matter be programmed into living materials?9. What drives reproduction in living systems?9.是什么驅(qū)動(dòng)生命系統(tǒng)的復(fù)制？1. Can we predict the next pandemic?2. Will we ever find a cure for the common cold?3. Can we design and manufacture medicines customized for individual people?3.我們可以設(shè)計(jì)和制造出為個(gè)人定制的藥物嗎？4. Can a human tissue or organ be fully regenerated?5. How is immune homeostasis maintained and regulated?5.如何維持和調(diào)節(jié)免疫穩(wěn)態(tài)？6. Is there a scientific basis to the Meridian System in traditional Chinese medicine?6.中醫(yī)的經(jīng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)有科學(xué)依據(jù)嗎？7. How will the next generation of vaccines be made?8. Can we ever overcome antibiotic resistance?9. What is the etiology of autism?10. What role does our microbiome play in health and disease?11. Can xenotransplantation solve the shortage of donor organs?1. What could help conservation of the oceans?2. Can we stop ourselves from aging?3. Why can only some cells become other cells?3.為什么只有一些細(xì)胞會(huì)變成其他細(xì)胞？4. Why are some genomes so big and others very small?5. Will it be possible to cure all cancers?6. What genes make us uniquely human?7. How do migratory animals know where they're going?8. How many species are there on Earth?9. How do organisms evolve?10. Why did dinosaurs grow to be so big?11. Did ancient humans interbreed with other human-like ancestors?11.遠(yuǎn)古人類是否曾與其他類人祖先雜交？12. Why do humans get so attached to dogs and cats?13. Will the world's population keep growing indefinitely?14. Why do we stop growing?15. Is de-extinction possible?16. Can humans hibernate? 17. Where do human emotions originate?18. Will humans look physically different in the future?19. Why were there species explosions and mass extinction?19.為什么會(huì)發(fā)生物種大爆發(fā)和大滅絕？20. How might genome editing be used to cure disease?21. Can a cell be artificially synthesized?22. How are biomolecules organized in cells to function orderly and effectively?22.細(xì)胞內(nèi)的生物分子是如何組織從而有序有效發(fā)揮作用的？1. How many dimensions are there in space?2. What is the shape of the universe?3. Where did the big bang start?4. Why don't the orbits of planets decay and cause them to crash into each other?4.為什么行星的軌道不衰減并導(dǎo)致它們相互碰撞？5. When will the universe die? Will it continue to expand?5.宇宙何時(shí)消亡？它會(huì)繼續(xù)膨脹嗎？6. Is it possible to live permanently on another planet?7. Why do black holes exist?8. What is the universe made of?9. Are we alone in the universe?10. What is the origin of cosmic rays?11. What is the origin of mass?12. What is the smallest scale of space-time?13. Is water necessary for all life in the universe, or just on Earth?13.水是宇宙中所有生命所必需的么，還是僅對地球生命？14. What is preventing humans from carrying out deep-space exploration?15. Is Einstein's general theory of relativity correct?16. How are pulsars formed?17. Is our Milky Way Galaxy special? 18. What is the volume, composition, and significance of the deep biosphere?18.深層生物圈的規(guī)模、組成和意義是什么？19. Will humans one day have to leave the planet (or die trying)?19.人類有一天會(huì)不得不離開地球嗎（還是會(huì)在嘗試中死去）？20. Where do the heavy elements in the universe come from?21. Is it possible to understand the structure of compact stars and matter?21.有可能了解致密恒星和物質(zhì)的結(jié)構(gòu)嗎？22. What is the origin of the high-energy cosmic neutrinos?1. Is there a diffraction limit?2. What is the microscopic mechanism for high-temperature superconductivity?3. What are the limits of heat transfer in matter?4. What are the fundamental principles of collective motion?4.集體運(yùn)動(dòng)的基本原理是什么？5. What are the smallest building blocks of matter?6. Will we ever travel at the speed of light?7. What is quantum uncertainty and why is it important?8. Will there ever be a "theory of everything"?9. Why does time seem to flow in only one direction?9.為什么時(shí)間似乎只朝一個(gè)方向流動(dòng)？11. Can we make a real, human-size invisibility cloak?12. Are there any particles that behave oppositely to the properties or states of photons?12.是否存在與光子性質(zhì)或狀態(tài)相反的粒子？13. Will the Bose-Einstein condensate be widely used in the future?13.玻色-愛因斯坦冷凝體未來會(huì)被廣泛使用嗎？14. Can humans make intense lasers with incoherence comparable to sunlight?14.人類能制造出與太陽光相似的非相干強(qiáng)激光嗎？15. What is the maximum speed to which we can accelerate a particle?16. Is quantum many-body entanglement more fundamental than quantum fields?17. What is the optimum hardware for quantum computers?17.量子計(jì)算機(jī)的最佳硬件是什么？18. Can we accurately simulate the macro- and microworld?1. Is there an upper limit to computer processing speed?2. Can AI replace a doctor?3. Can topological quantum computing be realized?3.拓?fù)淞孔佑?jì)算可以實(shí)現(xiàn)嗎？4. Can DNA act as an information storage medium?4.DNA可以用作信息存儲(chǔ)介質(zhì)嗎？Engineering & Material Science1. What is the ultimate statistical invariances of turbulence?1.湍流的最終統(tǒng)計(jì)不變性是什么？2. How can we break the current limit of energy conversion efficiencies?2.我們?nèi)绾瓮黄飘?dāng)前的能量轉(zhuǎn)換效率極限？3. How can we develop manufacturing systems on Mars?3.我們?nèi)绾卧诨鹦巧祥_發(fā)制造系統(tǒng)？4. Is a future of only self-driving cars realistic?4.純無人駕駛汽車的未來是否現(xiàn)實(shí)？1. What are the coding principles embedded in neuronal spike trains?1.神經(jīng)元放電序列的編碼準(zhǔn)則是什么？2. Where does consciousness lie?3. Can human memory be stored, manipulated, and transplanted digitally?3.能否數(shù)字化地存儲(chǔ)、操控和移植人類記憶？5. What is addiction and how does it work?6. Why do we fall in love?7. How did speech evolve and what parts of the brain control it?7.言語如何演變形成，大腦的哪些部分對其進(jìn)行控制？8. How smart are nonhuman animals?9. Why are most people right-handed?10. Can we cure neurodegenerative diseases?11. Is it possible to predict the future?12. Can we more effectively diagnose and treat complex mental disorders?1. Can we stop global climate change?2. Where do we put all the excess carbon dioxide?3. What creates the Earth's magnetic field (and why does it move)?3.是什么創(chuàng)造了地球的磁場（為什么它會(huì)移動(dòng)）？4. Will we be able to predict catastrophic weather events (tsunami, hurricanes, earthquakes) more accurately?4.我們是否能夠更準(zhǔn)確地預(yù)測災(zāi)害性事件（海嘯、颶風(fēng)、地震）？5. What happens if all the ice on the planet melts?6. Can we create an environmentally friendly replacement for plastics?6.我們可以創(chuàng)造一種環(huán)保的塑料替代品嗎？7. Can we achieve a situation where essentially every material can be recycled and reused?7.幾乎所有材料都可以回收再利用是否可以實(shí)現(xiàn)？8. Will we soon see the end of monocultures like wheat, maize, rice, and soy?8.我們會(huì)很快看到小麥、玉米、大米和大豆等單一作物的終結(jié)嗎？1. Could we live in a fossil-fuel-free world?1.我們可以生活在一個(gè)去化石燃料的世界中嗎？2. What is the future of hydrogen energy?3. Will cold fusion ever be possible?1. Will injectable, disease-fighting nanobots ever be a reality?1.可注射的抗病納米機(jī)器人會(huì)成為現(xiàn)實(shí)嗎？2. Will it be possible to create sentient robots?2.是否有可能創(chuàng)建有感知力的機(jī)器人？3. Is there a limit to human intelligence?4. Will artificial intelligence replace humans?5. How does group intelligence emerge?6. Can robots or AIs have human creativity?6.機(jī)器人或 AI 可以具有人類創(chuàng)造力嗎？7. Can quantum artificial intelligence imitate the human brain?8. Could we integrate with computers to form a human-machine hybrid species?8.我們可以和計(jì)算機(jī)結(jié)合以形成人機(jī)混合物種嗎？
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