Fluorinated coating is utterly repellentby Mark Peplow, special to C&EN

一種透明的、有自愈能力的薄涂層能夠抵抗包括濃酸與低表面張力溶劑在內的一百多種液體的侵蝕

The new fluorinated coating protects a polystyrene petri dish from a droplet of the solvent tetrahydrofuran （colored blue）。 The solvent normally dissolves this plastic.

Credit: Nat. Mater.

有些防水涂層浸泡在水里時仍能夠保持干燥，也有些涂層可以隔絕油以及有機溶劑。還有一些涂層則可以耐受嚴酷的環境，可應對強酸及高溫，甚至在被破壞后能夠自愈。

如今，研究人員創造了防護涂層領域名副其實的瑞士軍刀。由于其獨特的化學性能和質地，這種涂層在結合了以上提到的所有性質之外，還具有其他的性能（Nat.Mater。2018，DOI：10.1038/ s41563-018-0178-2）。“我們控制一系列不同的結構，從化學鍵到微觀水平的納米結構。”墨爾本大學的弗蘭克卡魯索（Frank Caruso）說道。他是這個超級全能材料研發團隊的研究人員之一。

上面提到的涂層是一種包含了1H，1H，2H，2H-全氟己基三氯硅烷（PFTS）和氰基丙烯酸正丁酯（n-BCA）的混合物，在二氯五氟丙烷溶液中混合。當其被噴涂于表面時，空氣中的水蒸氣會引發PFTS和n-BCA之間的一系列聚合反應，形成堅韌、透明的薄膜。該薄膜涂層含有聚合物納米粒子，會聚合并形成具有良好質地的涂層面，而這些涂層面可以捕獲微小的空氣形成的氣泡隔層，以起到阻攔液體的作用。

在測試中，該涂層可以阻隔包括水、正戊烷、全氟己烷和濃氫氟酸在內的100多種不同的液體。液滴通常在涂層上形成似球形的水珠，并與圖層面形成至少150度的接觸角。擁有這種接觸角數值的涂層通常會被認為具有“超防液性”。略微傾斜表面– 通常小于5度– 便足夠使液滴干脆利落地從涂層表面滾離。當正戊烷（一種具有非常低的表面張力并且會弄濕大多數表面的化合物）被噴到該涂層上面時，涂層表面能夠輕易地將其彈落。

A jet of pentane bounces right off this stainless steel mesh, thanks to its super-repellent coating. This solvent will wet most surfaces.

Credit: Nat. Mater.

研究人員表示，n-BCA可作為一種強力粘合劑，將上述涂料固定在包括木材、金屬、玻璃和滌綸織物在內的各種材料上。卡魯索認為，這種強粘合力還可以降低涂層逃逸到環境中的風險，而這一問題一直困擾著其他多氟化合物的應用。

該涂層在100℃也能繼續排斥液體，并在刮擦、研磨和洗滌后保持其性能。只有當研究人員用氧等離子體沖刷它時，該涂層才會失去其防液性。即便如此，該材料也能在受到上述處理后，在室溫下24小時后自愈，或者在120°C時于10分鐘內恢復。也就是說，當該涂層中的聚合物鏈重組時，該涂層會重獲其先前所有的超能力。

The microscopic structure of the new fluorinated coating may help to create a cushion of air that improves its repellent properties.

Credit: Nat. Mater.

來自馬克斯×普朗克聚合物研究所、研究超級防液涂層的Doris Vollmer表示，許多上述提到的超級防液性能已經被融入到了以前發明出來的材料中。但是這次的涂層對正戊烷的排斥能力是不尋常的，因為該涂層能在自我修復后完全恢復對正戊烷液體的抵抗性。“這比我見過的其他涂料更好。”她說。

杜勒姆大學開發功能表面材料的Jas Pal S. Badyal說，這種涂料簡單的噴涂方法，也能使其在商業應用上更具吸引力。“這種一步到位的（噴涂）方法很好。”他說。然而，使用二氯五氟丙烷作為涂料前體的溶劑，可能成為商業推廣中的絆腳石，因為這些鹵化物對環境有負面影響。

A drop of pentane falls onto a piece of fabric with a super-repellent coating.

Credit: Nat. Mater.

Caruso建議，這種材料最終可以開發成用于屏蔽化學危害的涂層，并且該團隊已經開始與工業伙伴合作。“但這種材料在應用方面仍有很長的路要走。”他補充說，并指出研究人員需要降低涂層成本并評估其長期耐用度。

Transparent, self-healing film fends off more than 100 liquids, including concentrated acids and low-surface-tension solventsSome liquid-repelling coatings stay dry in a deluge of water, while others rebuff oils and organic solvents. Some can withstand harsh treatment, shrugging off harsh acids, high temperatures, or even healing themselves after being damaged.

Now researchers have created a veritable Swiss Army knife of a repellent coating that combines all of these properties and more, thanks to its unique chemistry and texture （Nat. Mater. 2018, DOI: 10.1038/s41563-018-0178-2）。 “We're controlling a range of different structures, from the chemical bond to the nanoscale to the microscopic level,” says Frank Caruso of the University of Melbourne, part of the team behind the super-omniphobic material.

The coating is a mixture of 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorohexyltrichlorosilane （PFTS） and n-butyl cyanoacrylate （n-BCA）， combined in a dichloropentafluoropropane solution. When sprayed onto a surface, water vapor in the atmosphere triggers a series of polymerization reactions between PFTS and n-BCA to create a tough, transparent film. The coating contains polymer nanoparticles that aggregate to form a highly textured surface, which may trap tiny pockets of air to help ward off liquids.

In tests, the coating repelled more than 100 different liquids, including water, n-pentane, perfluorohexane, and concentrated hydrofluoric acid. Droplets of liquid typically formed almost spherical globules on the coating, with contact angles of at least 150 degrees—generally regarded as the mark of a super-repellent surface. Slightly tilting a surface—typically less than 5 degrees—was enough to make the droplets roll off cleanly. A jet of n-pentane, which has a very low surface tension and will wet most surfaces, simply bounced off coated surfaces.

The reserchers say that n-BCA acts as a powerful adhesive to anchor the coating to a wide range of substances, including wood, metal, glass and polyester fabric. Caruso suggests that this strong adhesion may also reduce the risk of the coating escaping into the environment, a problem that has bedeviled other polyfluorinated compounds. The coating continued to repel liquids at 100 °C and retained its properties after scratching, abrading, and washing. Only when the researchers scoured it with oxygen plasma did it lose its repellency. Even then, the material healed itself after 24 hours at room temperature, or in just 10 minutes if heated to 120 °C, regaining its full complement of super powers as its polymer chains reorganized themselves.

Many of these properties have been combined in previous materials, says Doris Vollmer at the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, who studies super-repellent coatings. But the coating's ability to repel n-pentane is unusual, as is the complete recovery of n-pentane repellency after self-healing. “That is better than I've seen with other coatings,” she says.

The simple, spray-on method could also make this coating attractive for commercial applications, says Jas Pal S. Badyal, who develops functional surfaces at Durham University. “The one-step approach is good,” he says. However, using dichloropentafluoropropane as a solvent for the coating's precursors could be a stumbling block, he adds, due to the environmental impact of such halogenated compounds.

Caruso suggests that the material could eventually be developed into a coating for chemical hazard shielding, and the team is already working with industry partners. “But there's still a long way to go in terms of applications,” he adds, noting that they need to reduce the cost of the coating and assess its long-term durability.

This article is reproduced with permission from Chemical & Engineering News （？ American Chemical Society）。 The article was first published on OCTOBER 16, 2018 | APPEARED IN VOLUME 96, ISSUE 42.